Our Eligibility Criteria

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Eligibility Criteria

High School Diploma, GED or equiv. International Education

Credit Hours

144 Hours

Course Duration

4 Year (Self-Paced) Program

Courses Offered

24

Courses Offered In BACHELORS DEGREE

  • Courses Name

  • Courses Description

  • Credit Hours

  • Introduction to the Humanities

  • The course explores philosophic and artistic heritage of humanity expressed through a historical perspective on visual arts, music, and literature. Topics include myth, literature, art, music, television, cinema, and the theater. Also discussed are provocative issues in the humanities - religion, morality, happiness, death, freedom, and controversies in the arts.

  • 6 Credits

  • Social and Cultural Geography

  • Social and Cultural Geography considers why geography matters to the analysis and understanding social relations, cultural identity and social inequality. Course examines how social life is structured at a variety of scales with respect to ethnicity, industries, services, urban patterns, and resources of world as a whole.

  • 6 Credits

  • English Composition

  • English Composition provides you with rhetorical foundations that prepare them for academic and professional writing. You will learn the strategies and processes that successful writers employ as you work to accomplish specific purposes. You will develop skills in writing unified, coherent, well-developed essays using correct grammar and effective sentence structure.

  • 6 Credits

  • College Algebra

  • College Algebra provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of algebra: an understanding of the general concepts of relation and function; and the ability to solve practical problems using algebra.

  • 6 Credits

  • World Religions

  • World Religions course offers the broadest coverage of world religions as they exist today; helping you understand the ideology behind the many religions that strive today. While it is impossible to cover all religions, it does cover those of the vast majority of people.

  • 6 Credits

  • Ethics

  • Evenly balanced between theory and applications, this course shows you how to establish an ethical theory and how to apply it to a range of specific moral issues. This course examines ethical problems in such areas as mercy killing, personal relations, business, sexuality, medicine, and the environment.

  • 6 Credits

  • Art Appreciation

  • This course introduces the origins and historical development of art. Emphasis is placed on the relationship of design principles to various art forms including but not limited to sculpture, painting, and architecture. Upon completion, you should be able to identify and analyze a variety of artistic styles, periods, and media.

  • 6 Credits

  • Pre-Calculus

  • This course provides the mathematical foundation for an introductory calculus course. In addition to a brief review of basic algebra, the course covers equations and inequalities; functions, models, and graphs; polynomial and rational functions; exponential and logarithmic functions; trigonometric functions; and trigonometric identities and equations.

  • 6 Credits

  • Human Biology

  • This course is an introductory study of the human body, including the basic structure and function of the major organ systems (nervous, endocrine, circulatory, reproductive, etc.) and the effects of diet, exercise, stress and environmental change on human health.

  • 6 Credits

  • World History

  • World History course present the big picture, to facilitate comparison and assessment of change, and to highlight major developments in world's history. This course emphasizes the global interactions of major civilizations so that you can compare and assess changes in the patterns of interaction and the impact of global forces.

  • 6 Credits

  • Introduction to Political Science

  • Political Science course offers an unbiased and thorough introduction to basic concepts and theories of political science. Major theories expose you to many ways of thinking. Emphasizing both U.S. and comparative politics, will provide you with a solid foundation of knowledge and the analytical skills necessary to understand modern politics in historical context.

  • 6 Credits

  • Introduction to Mass Communication

  • This course explores system-wide view of the interacting social, historical, economic, and technological forces at work in today's rapidly evolving mass media. The course combines concrete practice of journalism with empirical research, enabling you to comprehend the impact of dynamic media that are an integral part of our lives today.

  • 6 Credits

  • World Literature

  • With classic and contemporary selections from a wide range of racial and ethnic groups, World literature course will introduce you to important literary works and help you explore critical themes of our times, such as gender and identity, the effects of war and violence, race and culture, and more.

  • 6 Credits

  • Foundations of Sociology

  • Foundation of sociology course helps you explore how you learn and use learning strategies for more effective study. It covers topics: perspective and method, social inequality, social institutions, and working for change. Focus on deviance and crime includes an extensive discussion of crime, crime rates, and criminal justice system. 

  • 6 Credits

  • English Rhetoric

  • English Rhetoric course concentrates on using processes and skills common to all good academic writing. Course comprises of five major parts: discussion of writing process; guidelines for writing essays in each rhetorical mode; a look at writing with sources; anthology of reading selections; and complete introduction of grammar and usage. 

  • 6 Credits

  • Essentials of General Psychology

  • This psychology course focuses on development of critical thinking skills crucial to your success. This course provides details of tradition integrating gender, culture, and ethnicity throughout, biology and behavior, learning and conditioning, Social Forces, Culture, and Behavior, thinking and intelligence, memory, emotion. motivation, theories of personality, health and disorder. 

  • 6 Credits

  • Introduction to World History

  • This World’s history course provides an engaging overview of human civilization. It provides you with most help available in reading, thinking about, and applying the material they learn about world’s history. In-depth information presented in such a way that you will have a feeling that course made history come alive.

  • 6 Credits

  • Introduction to Economics

  • This course will motivate you to learn economics through real business examples. You all can relate to businesses they encounter in their everyday lives. Course provides an introduction to methodology and analytical tools used by economists. Economic theory, policy and history are examined with major emphasis on macroeconomics and microeconomics.

  • 6 Credits

  • Introduction to History

  • A true exploration of world history, course emphasizes single theme origins, cities, empires, religion, trade, migrations, revolutions, and technology. Geographically, it covers entire globe, though specific topics place greater emphasis on specific regions. It addresses how historians form, debate, and revises our historical understanding of the world.

  • 6 Credits

  • World History I

  • The primary goal of this course is to present a truly global history—since the development of agriculture and herding to the present. This course text emphasizes the major stages in the interactions among different peoples and societies, while also assessing the development of major societies.

  • 6 Credits

  • Greek History

  • This course presents complete picture of Greek civilization as a history. It features sections on art, architecture, literature, and thought of each period. This comprehensive, balanced treatment of ancient Greece covers its history from prehistoric through Mycenaean Period, Dark Ages, Classical Period, Hellenistic, and absorption of Greek culture by Rome.

  • 6 Credits

  • Introduction to Holocaust Studies

  • This course presents a straightforward, matter-of-fact analysis of encounter between Third Reich and the Jews. This course also clarifies basic facts and explores possible reasons why 5.8 million European Jews died. As with murder investigation, course sifts evidence relating to motives, means and opportunities for the killing of European Jewry.

  • 6 Credits

  • American History

  • The political history of United States is intimately tied with its social, economic and cultural development. This course explores this relationship and shows how it took voices and actions of many peoples to produce this singular political structure - The United States of America.

  • 6 Credits

  • Western Civilization I

  • This course provides an exceptionally balanced survey of political, social, and cultural development of Western civilization-its strengths and weaknesses, and controversies surrounding it. From Birth of civilization to the new directions in thought and culture in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries all are covered in this course.

  • 6 Credits
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Course Details

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Introduction to the Humanities

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The art of thinking critically.
    Apollonian reason, dionysian intuition.
    Myth.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Literature.
    Art.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Music.
    The theater.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The musical stage.
    Television.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The cinema.
    Religion.
    Happiness.
    Morality.
    Life and death.

Social and Cultural Geography

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Mash-ups using google maps hand-held navigation devices
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Mexican perspectives on undocumented immigration
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Building barriers in the middle east
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Using air photos to make the case for war applying the concept of scale to war in iraq
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Wal-mart in china
    Locating car parts plants
    Market segmentation

English Composition

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Writing to learn
    Critical thinking, reading, and viewing.
    Preparing.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Composing.
    Rewriting.
    Formulating arguments.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Using the internet for research
    Evaluating electronic and print sources.
    Apa documentation format.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Cms and cse formats.
    Writing in the disciplines
    Writing in the humanities.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Writing in the natural sciences.
    Writing in the social sciences
    Design principles

College Algebra

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Review of the real number system
    Linear equations, inequalities, and applications
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Graphs, linear equations, and functions
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Systems of linear equations
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Exponents, polynomials, and polynomial functions
    Factoring
    Rational expressions and functions
    Roots, radicals, and root functions
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Quadratic equations and inequalities
    Additional graphs of functions and relations
    Inverse, exponential, and logarithmic functions
    Polynomial and rational functions
    Conic sections and systems of inequalities
    Further topics in algebra

World Religions

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Characteristics of basic religions
    Native american religions
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    African religions
    Hinduism
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Jainism
    Buddhism
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Sikhism
    Chinese religions
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Shinto
    Zoroastrianism
    Judaism
    Christianity
    Islam

Ethics

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    What is morality?
    Consequentialist -teleological- theories of morality
    Nonconsequentialist -deontological- theories of morality
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Virtue ethics
    Absolutism versus relativism
    Freedom versus determinism
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Reward and punishment
    Setting up a moral system: basic assumptions and basic principles
    The taking of human life
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Allowing someone to die, mercy death, and mercy killing
    Abortion
    Lying, cheating, breaking promises, and stealing
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Morality, marriage, and human sexuality
    Bioethicsethical issues in medicine
    Business and media ethics
    Environmental ethics

Art Appreciation

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Understanding art
    Visual elements
    Organizing principles of design
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Drawing
    Painting
    Printmaking
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Graphic design
    Photography and filmmaking
    Digital art
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Sculpture
    Crafts
    Product and clothing design
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Architecture
    Designed settings
    Historical styles in western art
    Understanding art on all levels

Pre-Calculus

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Graphs
    Function and models
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Polynomial and rational functions
    Exponential and logarithmic function
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Trigonomatic function
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Analytic trigonometry
    Polar coordinates; vectors
    Analytic geometry
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Systems of equations and inequalities
    Sequences; induction; the bionomial theorem

Human Biology

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Why study biology?
    Basics of biology, anatomy, and physiology.
    Determinism, biology, culture, and the ecological perspective.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Biological development and the human lifespan.
    Genetics, evolution, and human behavior.
    Human biology and intellect.
    The human genome project.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    The biology of disability, health, illness, and treatment.
    Biology and mental illness
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Biological elements of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco
    Human sexuality and sexual orientation.
    The biology of aging.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Public health and biology.
    Critical thinking and human biology

World History

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    From human prehistory to the rise of agriculture
    Early civilization
    Nomadic societies
    Classical civilization: china
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Classical civilization: india
    Classical civilization in the mediterranean: persia, greece and rome
    The classical period: directions, diversities, and declines by 500 c.e.
    The rise of islam: civilization in the middle east
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    India and southeast asia under the impact of islam
    Africa and islam
    East european civilization: byzantium and russia
    Western civilization: the middle ages
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The spread of east asian civilization
    Centers of civilization in the americas
    The mongol interlude and the end of the postclassical period
    The west and the world: discovery, colonization, and trade
    Western civilization changes shape in the early modern centuries
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The rise of eastern europe
    The ottoman and mughal empires
    East asia: vital trends in politics and trade
    The first industrial revolution: western society, 17801914
    World economy and western imperialism: africa and south asia
    The settler societies: the west on frontiers
    The development of latin american civilization
    The middle east and china in the imperialist century
    Russia and japan: industrialization outside the west
    World war i and the end of an era
    The west in the contemporary period
    Eastern european civilization
    East asia in the 20th- 22nd centuries
    India and southeast asia

Introduction to political science

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    A science of politics?
    Theories: classic and modern.
    Nations, states, and governments.
    Individuals and constitutions.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Democracy, totalitarianism, and authoritarianism.
    Political ideologies.
    Political culture.
    Public opinion.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Political communication and the media.
    Interest groups.
    Political parties and party systems.
    Elections.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The basic institutions of government.
    Legislatures.
    Executives.
    Administration and bureaucracy.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Legal systems and the courts.
    Political economy.
    Violence and revolution.
    International relations.
    The global system.

Introduction to mass communication

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    We the people: media and communication.
    Books.
    Newspapers.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Magazines.
    The movies.
    Radio.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Television.
    Music and the recording industry.
    Computers and the internet highway.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Journalism: information and society.
    Public relations.
    Advertising.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Ethics.
    Regulation.
    Mass communication research: from content to effects.

World literature

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Roots and rebellions
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Gender and identity
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    War and violence
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Race and culture
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Individualism and community

Foundations of Sociology

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    What is sociology?
    Research methods
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Culture, society, and social change
    Socialization
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    ; deviance and crime
    Interaction, groups, and organizations
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Inequalities of social class
    Inequalities of race and ethnicity
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Inequalities of gender
    The economy
    The political order
    Marriage and family

English rhetoric

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Reading and writing in college
    The reading process
    Reading critically
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The writing process
    Preparing to write
    Writing effectively
    Revising and editing
    Describing
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Narrating
    Illustrating
    Analyzing a process
    Comparing and contrasting
    Dividing and classifying
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Defining
    Analyzing causes and effects
    Arguing
    Recognizing a research paper
    Avoiding plagiarism
    Finding sources
    Writing a research paper
    Documenting sources
    Introduction
    Subjects and verbs
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Fragments
    Fused sentences and comma splices
    Regular and irregular verbs
    Verb tense
    Subject-verb
    More on verbs
    Pronoun problems
    Pronoun reference and point of view
    Pronoun agreement
    Adjectives
    Adverbs
    Modifier errors
    End punctuation
    Commas
    Apostrophes
    Quotation marks
    Other punctuation marks
    Capitalization
    Abbreviations and numbers
    Varying sentence structure
    Parallelism
    Combining sentences
    Standard and nonstandard english
    Easily confused words
    Spelling

Essentials of General psychology

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The science of psychology.
    How psychologists do research.
    Evolution, genes, and behavior.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Neurons, hormones, and the brain.
    Body rhythms and mental states.
    Sensation and perception.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Learning and conditioning.
    Behavior in social and cultural context.
    Thinking and intelligence.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Memory.
    Emotion.
    Motivation.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Theories of personality.
    Development over the lifespan.
    Health, stress and coping.
    Psychological disorders.
    Approaches to treatment and therapy.

Introduction to world history

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    One:
    Two: out of the mud: farming and herding after the ice age
    Three: the great river valleys: accelerating change and developing states
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Four:
    Five: rebuilding the world: recoveries, new initiatives, and their limits
    Six: the great schools
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Seven: the great empires
    Chaptereight:postimperial worlds: problems of empires in eurasia and africa, ca. 200 c.e. to ca. 700 c.e.
    Nine: the rise of world religions: christianity, islam, and buddhism
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Ten: remaking the world: innovation and renewal on environmental frontiers in the late first millennium
    Chaptereleven:
    Chaptertweleve:the nomadic frontiers: the islamic world, byzantium, and china ca. 10001200
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Chapterthirteen: the world the mongols made
    Chapterfourteen: the revenge of nature: plague, cold, and the limits of disaster in the fourteenth century
    Chapterfifthteen:
    Chaptersixteen: imperial arenas: new empires in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
    Chapterseventeen: the ecological revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
    Chaptereighteen:mental revolutions: religion and science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
    Chapternineteen:
    Chaptertwenty: driven by growth: the global economy in the eighteenth century
    Chaptertwentyone:
    Twentytwo: the exchange of enlightenment: eighteenth-century thought
    Twentythree: replacing muscle: the energy revolutions

Introduction to economics

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Economics: foundations and models
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Firms, the stock market, and corporate governance

Introduction to History

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The dry bones speak.
    From village community to city-state.
    Rivervalley civilizations.
    A polycentric world.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Dawn of the empires.
    Rome and the barbarians.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    China.
    Indian empires.
    Hinduism and buddhism.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Judaism and christianity.
    Islam.
    Establishing world trade routes.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    European visions.
    The unification of world trade.
    Migration.
    Political revolutions in europe and the americas.
    The industrial revolution.
    Nationalism, imperialism, and resistance.
    Methods of mass production and destruction.
    World war ii and the cold war.
    Cold war and new nations.
    China and india.
    New public identities.
    Regional identities and the twenty-first century.

World History I

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The neolithic revolution and the birth of civilization
    The rise of civilization in the middle east and africa
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    
    
    Classical civilization in the eastern mediterranean: persia and greece
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Religious rivalries and india and rsquo;s golden age
    Rome and its empire
    The peoples and civilizations of the americas
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The spread of civilizations and the movement of peoples
    The end of the classical era: world history in transition, 200700 c.e.
    The first global civilization: the rise and spread of islam
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Abbasid decline and the spread of islamic civilization to south and southeast asia
    African civilizations and the spread of islam
    Civilization in eastern europe: byzantium and orthodox europe
    A new civilization emerges in western europe
    The americas on the eve of invasion
    Reunification and renaissance in chinese civilization: the era of the tang and song dynasties
    The spread of chinese civilization: japan, korea, and vietnam
    The last great nomadic challenges: from chinggis khan to timur
    The west and the changing world balance
    The world economy
    The transformation of the west, 14501750

Greek History

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Introduction: a small, far-off land.
    The foundations of greek life.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The greeks before history: 10,000-700 bc.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Homer.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Religion and myth.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Archaic greece: the age of experiment, 700-480 bc.
    A tale of two archaic cities: sparta and athens, 700-480 bc.
    The peloponnesian war and its aftermath, 431-399 bc.

Introduction to Holocaust Studies

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Studying the holocaust.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The jews.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    Hitler, nazis, germans and jews.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
     1933-41 - a twisted road?
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Responding to persecution.
    The transition to killing.
    Responding to murder.
    Humanity, modernity, and the holocaust.

American History

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Alien encounters: europe in the americas
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    American society in the making
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    America in the british empire
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The american revolution
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The federalist era: nationalism triumphant
    Jeffersonian democracy

Western Civilization I

Topics Covered in This Course:
  In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The birth of civilization.
    The rise of greek civilization.
  In Section 2 of this course you will cover these topics:
    Classical and hellenistic greece.
    Rome: from republic to empire.
    The roman empire.
  In Section 3 of this exam you will be evaluated on below listed topics:
    The early middle ages: creating a new european society and culture -476-1000-.
    The high middle ages: the rise of european empires and states -1000-1300-.
    Medieval society: hierarchies, towns, universities, and families -1000-1300-.
  In Section 4 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The late middle ages: social and political breakdown -1300-1527-.
    Renaissance and discovery.
    The age of reformation.
  In Section 5 of this course you will cover these topics:
    The age of religious wars.
    Paths to constitutionalism and absolutism: england and france in the seventeenth century.
    New directions in thought and culture in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.